Pistachio productions system and effect of biostimulants on plant health

Abstract

Pistachio is a major legume crop in tropical and semi-arid tropical regions, where it is a valuable source of edible oil and vegetable protein. Peanut kernels have a fat content of 47-53 percent and a protein content of 25-36 percent. The crop is grown between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south of the equator. Peanut is a self-fertilizing crop in which flowers develop above ground, and following fertilization, pegs move to the ground and pods form, which grow seeds below ground. Pistachio production in the United States ranges from 3500 kg per hectare to 2500 kg per hectare in South America, 1600 kg per hectare in Asia, and less than 800 kg per hectare in Africa. This is owing to a number of biotic and abiotic limitations. Extreme temperatures, drought stress, soil variables including alkalinity, poor soil fertility, and nutrient deficits are all examples of primary abiotic stresses. Peanuts grow well on neutral-pH light sandy loam soils. The ideal temperature for their growth and development is between 28 and 30 degrees Celsius, and the crop requires 500-600 mm of evenly distributed rainfall. Drought and high temperatures are the main performance limiting variables in semi-arid environments. These constraints are most harsh on reproductive development before flowering, during flowering, and in the early stages of pod development. Other nutritional deficits that cause considerable loss of performance include Ca, Fe, and B, in addition to N, P, and K.Life stress mainly includes parasites, diseases and weeds.